Citing Sources Within Your Paper

Assembling a list of works cited in your paper

Bibliography Format - Science

(American Psychological Association)

based on APA Format

This is a free, fill-in-the-blank site that helps you create works cited pages correctly.  It includes both MLA and APA styles.
To check to see that you have the complete citation, check on the web at

  http://citationmachine.net/

  CITATION WIZARD

OR

  Wizard Tools

both courtesy of the Illinois Math and Science Academy!

Citation Wizard accommodates the following styles:

• APA (American Psychological Association

• MLA (Modern Language Association)

• Chicago Style

• CBE (Council of Biology Editors)

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

Links to other Citation Styles- 
APA, Turabian, Chicago, and MLA

                                 Works Cited                              

Make sure that you keep a complete list of your sources for your research project.

  Check to be sure that you have a complete list of your sources. 

References (sources) may be some of the following:
- Book (single author) 
- Book (two authors) 
- Book (anthology) 
- Article or Chapter in Anthology 
- Journal Article 
- Magazine Article 
- Newspaper Article 
- Encyclopedia Article (CD-ROM) 
- Encyclopedia Article (without author) 
- Interview 
- Broadcast Programming 
- Article from Internet Magazine or Journal 
- Newspaper Article from the Internet 
- Web Page 
- Online Forum Posting 
- Discussion List Message (archived) 
- Personal E-mail Message 

Web Site Evaluation Checklist

The student as researcher must rely on his/her own critical analysis to determine the value of a web site as it pertains to their research project or paper. 

The following provides a checklist excerpt for students and teachers from the University of Southern Maine Libraries. 

Authority:

  Is the information reliable?

  Check the author's credentials and affiliation. Is the author an expert in the field?

  Does the resource have a reputable organization or expert behind it?

  Are the sources of information stated? Can you verify the information?

  Can the author be contacted for clarification?

  Check for organizational or author biases.

Scope:

  Is the material at this site useful, unique, accurate or is it derivative, repetitious, or doubtful?

  Is the information available in other formats?

  Is the purpose of the resource clearly stated? Does it fulfill its purpose?

  What items are included in the resource? What subject area, time period, formats or types of material are covered?

  Is the information factual or opinion?

  Does the site contain original information or simply links?

  How frequently is the resource updated?

  Does the site have clear and obvious pointers to new content?

Format and Presentation:

  Is the information easy to get to? How many links does it take to get to something useful?

  What is the quality of the graphical images? Do these images enhance the resource or distract from the content?

  Is the target audience or intended users clearly indicated?

  Is the arrangement of links uncluttered?

  Does the site have its own search engine?

  Is the site easily browsable or searchable?

Cost and Accessibility:

  Is the site available on a consistent basis?

  Is response time fast?

  Does the site have a text-based alternative?

  How many links lead to a dead-end?

  Is this a fee-based site? Can non-members still have access to part of the site?

  Must you register a name and password before using the site?

Other Tips:

  Check the header and footer information to determine the author and source.

  In the URL, a tilde ~ usually indicated a personal web directory rather than being part of the organization's official web site.

  In order to verify an author's credentials, you may need to consult some printed sources such as Who's Who in America or the Biography Index.

  Check and compare the web site to others which are both similar and different."

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Format for Reference List

The correct style to use for citing references in the Reference List section is discussed in detail in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fourth Edition or later. The Reference List should be alphabetized according to the first letter of each entry. Be careful to follow the exact punctuation, indentation, and format shown below. Although the five-space indent style of citing is the suggested format, the hanging paragraph format is acceptable.

The author’s name is listed first. The author’s name is followed by the date of publication, in parentheses, ended with a period. Next include the book title which should be underlined or in italics. Capitalize only the first word of the title (and the first word of the subtitle, if any) and any proper names. Include any additional information necessary for retrieving the book (such as “3rd ed.” or “Vol.4”) in parentheses, immediately after the title. Close with a final period. End with publication information. Identify the city and, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city, include the state where the publisher is located. State names should be referred to by two-letter abbreviations in all caps (e.g. IL, VA, MD). Place a colon (:) after the city name. Then identify the name of the publisher, clearly and briefly. Spell out the names of associations and university presses, but omit superfluous terms such as “Publishers,” “Co.,” or “Inc.” If two or more locations are given, give the location listed first or the publisher’s home office. Close with a period.

Arnheim, R. (1971). Art and visual perception. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

When a work has between two and six authors, cite all authors. When a work has more than six authors cite only the last name of the first author followed by “et al.”

Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schachter, S. (1985). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Roeder, K. et al. (1976). Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Institute of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago: Midwestern Publishing.

Maher, B. A. (Ed.). (1972). Progress in experimental personality research. New York: Academic Press.

Experimental psychology. (1983). New York: Holt.

Rubenstein, J. P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B.F. Kane (ed.), Television and Juvenile Psychological Development (pp. 112-134). New York: American Psychological Society.

Basic form

Author/editor (if given). (Date). Title of material accessed. In Source (edition, release, or version, if relevant) Available: [Publication medium]. Location: Name of Producer.

Example

Genetic engineering. (1994). In Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia (Version 2.0) Available: [CD-ROM]. Carlsbad, CA: Compton’s NewMedia, Inc.

Basic form

Sender (Sender’s E-mail address). (Date). Subject of Message. E-mail to recipient (Recipient’s E-mail address).

Example

Omar, B. W. (bomar@aol.com). (1996, June 5). Excellent Web Sites for Job Seekers.  E-mail to M. E. Guffey (meguffey@rain.org).

NOTE:    [Access Date] - You should type the date when you took the information off of the internet.

Passons, W. (1976). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school grades for first semester GPA ad freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, pp. 1143-1144.

Because pagination begins anew with each issue of the journal, it is necessary to include the issue number in parenthesis after the volume number. Note that there is a comma between the issue number and the page numbers, but no comma between the underlined volume number and the issue number.

Sawyer, J. (1996). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), pp. 178-200.

Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May). Aerobic writing: A writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films: Class consciousness. The New Republic, p. 30.

Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. 1,8.

Photosynthesis and plants. (1987). Encyclopedia Americana (Volume 22). New York: Americana Corporation.

Weir, P.B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness [Videotape]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

Unpublished interviews do not need a reference page entry because they are what the Publication Manual of the APA calls “personal communications” and so “do not provide recoverable data.”

Archer, N. (1993, October11).  Personal interview.

McFerrin, Bobby (Vocalist). (1990). Medicine music [Cassette Recording]. Hollywood, CA: EMI-USA.